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- Rural Windfall
or a New
Resource
Curse? Coca,
Income, and
Civil Conflict
in Colombia: National
Bureau of
Economic
Research
Working Paper
Series (March
2005),
11219.Author
contact info:
Joshua Angrist
Department of
Economics MIT,
E52-353 50
Memorial Drive
Cambridge, MA
02142-1347
Tel:
617/253-8909
Fax:
617/253-1330
E-Mail:
angrist@mit.ed
u Adriana D.
Kugler
University of
Houston
Department of
Economics 204
McElhinney
Hall Houston,
TX 77204-5019
Tel:
713/743-3832
Fax:
713/743-3798
E-Mail:
adkugler@uh.ed
u Natural and
agricultural
resources for
which there is
a substantial
black market,
such as coca,
opium, and
diamonds,
appear
especially
likely to be
exploited by
the parties to
a civil
conflict. On
the other
hand, these
resources may
also provide
one of the few
reliable
sources of
income in the
countryside.
In this paper,
we study the
economic and
social
consequences
of a major
shift in the
production of
coca paste
from Peru and
Bolivia to
Colombia,
where most
coca leaf is
now harvested.
This shift,
which arose in
response to
the disruption
of the "air
bridge" that
previously
ferried coca
paste into
Colombia,
provided an
exogenous
boost in the
demand for
Colombian coca
leaf. Our
analysis shows
this shift
generated
economic gains
in rural
areas,
primarily in
the form of
increased
self-employmen
t earnings and
increased
labor supply
by teenage
boys. There is
little
evidence of
widespread
economic
spillovers,
however. The
results also
suggest that
the rural
areas which
saw
accelerated
coca
production
subsequently
became much
more violent.
Taken
together,
these findings
support the
view that the
Colombian
civil conflict
is fueled by
the financial
opportunities
that coca
provides. This
is in line
with a recent
literature
which
attributes the
extension of
civil
conflicts to
economic
rewards and an
environment
that favors
insurgency
more than to
the
persistence of
economic or
political
grievances.
Source: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series (March 2005), 11219. - Space and
Place: The
Perspective of
Experience: (08 February
2001)Geography
On the 25th
anniversary of
its
publication, a
new edition of
this
foundational
work on human
geography. In
the twenty
years since
its original
publication,
Space and
Place has not
only
established
the discipline
of human
geography, but
it has proven
influential in
such diverse
fields as
theatre,
literature,
anthropology,
psychology,
and theology.
Eminent
geographer
Yi-Fu Tuan
considers the
ways in which
people feel
and think
about space,
how they form
attachments to
home,
neighborhood,
and nation,
and how
feelings about
space and
place are
affected by
the sense of
time. He
suggests that
place is
security and
space is
freedom: we
are attached
to the one and
long for the
other. Whether
he is
considering
sacred versus
"biased"
space,
mythical space
and place,
time in
experiential
space, or
cultural
attachments to
space, Tuan's
analysis is
thoughtful and
insightful
throughout.
Until retiring
in 1998, Yi-Fu
Tuan was a
professor of
geography at
the University
of
Wisconsin-Madi
son. He is
ranked among
the country's
most
distinguished
cultural
geographers
and has earned
numerous
honors, among
them a
Guggenheim
Fellowship,
the Bracken
Award for
landscape
architecture,
and an award
for
meritorious
contribution
to geography
from the
Association of
American
Geographers.
He was
recently named
the Lauréat
d'Honneur 2000
of the
International
Geographers
Union. He is
the author of
many essays
and books,
including
Escapism
(1998) and
Cosmos and
Hearth
(Minnesota,
1999).
Source: (08 February 2001) - Geography and
genography:
Prediction of
continental
origin using
randomly
selected
single
nucleotide
polymorphisms: BMC Genomics,
Vol. 8 (10
March 2007),
68.
Source: BMC Genomics, Vol. 8 (10 March 2007), 68. - Neo-Liberalism
as Creative
Destruction: Geografiska
Annaler:
Series B,
Human
Geography,
Vol. 88, No.
2. (June
2006), pp.
145-158.
Source: Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, Vol. 88, No. 2. (June 2006), pp. 145-158. - Children in
the Driver's
Seat: Children's
Geographies,
Vol. 4, No. 3.
(December
2006), pp.
347-357.
Source: Children's Geographies, Vol. 4, No. 3. (December 2006), pp. 347-357.
If you would like to find additional social bookmark based links on the topic of Geography we recommend the Open Tag Directory > Geography. If you would like to find related tags we recommend Tag Patterns > Geography.
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